利用SPAMS初探盘锦市冬季PM2.5污染特征及来源

利用SPAMS 0515于2015年1月在盘锦市兴隆台空气质量自动监测点位采集PM_(2.5)样品,并分析其污染特征和来源。研究结果表明,盘锦市冬季PM_(2.5)的颗粒类型主要以OC颗粒、富钾颗粒、EC颗粒组成。其中,OC颗粒占比最高,为52.5%;PM_(2.5)污染的主要贡献源为燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放,占比分别为33.2%、25.7%、17.5%,特别是在PM_(2.5)质量浓度较高时段,燃煤和机动车尾气排放对污染的贡献较大。     

The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early‐warning studies

Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water‐chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present.     

浅谈我国推行排污许可制度难点及对策

我国排污许可制度推行已有二十余年,但由于在政策设计层面、技术支撑层面及配套保障层面尚有不足之处,排污许可制度在推行过程中遇到很多阻碍,排污许可制度的应用范围、实施效果和改革举措实际落地都还不尽如人意,依然处于难以推广的境地。本文基于对以上各层面存在问题的深入分析,进而指出目前阻碍排污许可制度推行的难点问题及具体成因,其中难点问题主要包括专项法律法规缺失、管理要求落地难、各方权责落实难、多套数据并行、排放标准滞后、部分行业标准缺失、与环境目标未建立响应关系、管理方式落后、数据支撑和人员配备不足等方面。根据前述问题的论证,本文相应提出了推进排污许可制度改革的各项对策措施,并建议排污许可制度应形成上下联动的工作格局,进一步夯实技术支撑基础和完善配套保障措施,以期助力排污许可制度各项改革举措的实际落地,更好地推进排污许可制度的有效实施,建立系统完整、权责清晰、监管有效的管理格局,最终实现排污许可"一证式"管理模式。     

生物滴滤塔处理氯苯废气的工艺性能

将活性污泥培养及驯化后接种于生物滴滤塔中，挂膜启动后处理模拟氯苯废气（简称氯苯废气），考察了生物滴滤塔在挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段的性能。实验结果表明：接种41 d后生物滴滤塔成功挂膜，此时氯苯去除率稳定在90%以上；生物滴滤塔稳定运行阶段，随着进气中氯苯质量浓度由303.82 mg/m³逐渐增至1 489.05 mg/m³，氯苯去除率从85.1%降至70.1%。处理氯苯废气适宜的工艺条件为：空塔停留时间超过45 s，喷淋液流量31.8 mL/min，氯苯负荷23.97~128.01 g/（m³·h）。生物滴滤塔对喷淋液的酸性环境有较好的适应性，喷淋液pH的变化对氯苯去除率无显著影响。     

基于排污许可的环境标准制度改革完善研究

排污许可制度是固定点源环境管理的基础核心制度,政府以排污许可证为载体,对固定污染源的污染物排放限值、排污行为等进行许可,以排放标准的要求作为基本依据,并以环境质量标准为依据,对非达标区实施更为严格的排污许可限制。然而,现有的部分行业排放标准由于制定时间较早、科学技术支撑方法不足、与环境质量改善难以挂钩等问题,难以满足新排污许可证制度改革要求。本文在研究现行环境标准体系对排污许可制度的支撑作用与相互关系的基础上,研究了基于排污许可制的排放标准存在的主要问题,并以健全排污许可制度的环境标准支撑为目的,提出了现行环境标准体系的完善和修订建议。     

Sources and Framing of Fracking: A Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage in North Carolina,New York,and Pennsylvania

Research across several decades has mapped the way complex environmental issues with complicated policy implications are often differentially framed within the media, public, and policy agendas with major implications for how they are understood, discussed, and decided. Building on this work, this this study compared news coverage of the debate over natural gas “fracking” in New York, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina between the period 2008 and 2013. Examining state newspapers, the analysis evaluated the types of sources used, the assertions of these sources, and how the issue of fracking was framed. From a general perspective, this study reveals how differences in framing of an environmental and scientific controversy can be attributed to the locally relevant sources used in reporting, as well as the political, economic, and social factors that might be unique to a state. Specific to the debate over natural gas “fracking,” this study adds to our understanding of how such state-based factors influence the portrayal of the issue in the news media.     

温室气体和空气污染物协同治理研究展望

温室气体和空气污染物的协同治理是一种双赢的策略。自协同效应的概念提出以来,大量研究对温室气体和大气污染之间的协同减排技术、措施、潜力等方面进行了评估。本研究回顾了协同治理理论的发展历程、典型案例以及重要的政策实践,在此基础上讨论了当前研究与实践的特点,并对未来研究提出了建议。典型案例涉及能源、交通、工业和居民部门,政策实践讨论了温室气体和空气污染协同治理政策的主要类型及其实施情况。从损失评估、协同机理、高精度排放清单及模拟等角度对未来促进协同治理的研究提出了方向建议。     

污染源普查后区域环境管理应用探讨

在第二次全国污染源普查的基础上,利用污染源普查期间配置的软硬件,开发市级区域环境污染源管理平台,进行污染源数据的年度更新,拓展污染源普查软件应用,实现环境管理及环境执法移动终端的应用。拓展二污普一张图的功能,利用移动客户端机动实时及地定位导航等为环境管理执法和环境突发事件应急处置提供技术支持。     

基于疲劳累积破坏机制的储罐结构动力可靠度分析

针对随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性问题，以300 m3的中小型立式低温储罐为研究对象，利用AR模型进行数值模拟得到风载荷的脉动风速时程与脉动功率谱密度函数。采用ANSYS建立储罐三维有限元模型，并对储罐进行动力学分析，计算出储罐结构的随机响应，进而求出随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性所需全部数字特征，最后利用疲劳累积损伤机制计算得到储罐的动力可靠度。结果表明:假设结构强度不随时间退化，前5 a动力可靠度基本保持不变，随着使用年限的延长，动力可靠度下降速度明显增大。研究方法可为储罐的动力可靠性及寿命预测提供一定的理论依据。     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Nutrient and Sediment Loading to Lake Tahoe,California‐Nevada,USA

Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has provided stream‐discharge and water quality data—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment—at more than 20 stations in Lake Tahoe Basin streams. To characterize the temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient and sediment loading to the lake, and improve the usefulness of the program and the existing database, we have (1) identified and corrected for sources of bias in the water quality database; (2) generated synthetic datasets for sediments and nutrients, and resampled to compare the accuracy and precision of different load calculation models; (3) using the best models, recalculated total annual loads over the period of record; (4) regressed total loads against total annual and annual maximum daily discharge, and tested for time trends in the residuals; (5) compared loads for different forms of N and P; and (6) tested constituent loads against land use‐land cover (LULC) variables using multiple regression. The results show (1) N and P loads are dominated by organic N and particulate P; (2) there are significant long‐term downward trends in some constituent loads of some streams; and (3) anthropogenic impervious surface is the most important LULC variable influencing water quality in basin streams. Many of our recommendations for changes in water quality monitoring and load calculation methods have been adopted by the LTIMP.